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Mitschrift (Lernskript)

British Culture: Mitschrift (Skript)

5.800 / ~27 sternsternsternsternstern_0.2 Norbert J. . 2017
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British Culture: Mitschrift (Skript)

Tudor Culture

Gothic style remained longer in Britain

Reformation – end to Church Building -> Secular buildings

Hampton Court Palace (old part) – Tudor kings, queens, Henry Viii – Elisabeth I

Richmond, White Hall - all close to the river – river safest for travel

St- George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle – Tudor arch

Tudor architecture – half-timbered (double-jettied) houses

Italy – painters

Not in England - first after Rafael’s dead

By a German – Hans Holbein – first paintings in England

Dutch – Anthony Van Dyke – portraits – scarce – because of Reformation

Miniature Painting – flourished in England – Nicholas Hilliard

Sir Walter Raleigh – explorer

Pose of the Melancholy Man

Coronation portrait, Ermine Portrait (ermine – royal animal)-> Elisabeth I

Poetry:

Until 1754 – England had a Julian Calendar (ten day behind our Gregorian)

Music: Henry Purcell,

Edward Elgar, Benjamin Britten, Ralph Voughan Williams (20th Century)

Consorts – family of the same group

Songs accompanied by lute: John Dowland

Vocal – acapella

Motets – short pieces of sacred choral music: Thomas Tallis, William Byrd, John Bull

Madrigals: Byrd, Thomas, Morley

Virginal – instrument, early keyboard, strings parallel to the keyboard pulled by a thorn (spinet),

Preferably played by young women

Elisabeth

26 when came to the throne

Being suspected in plots against Mary

Peace and stability

William Cecil, Lord Burleigh – her ‘right hand’

Golden Age’

Edward Spencer – The Fairy Queen

Reality: serious economic, problems, catholic unrest, 1570 excommunicated from the church

Mary, Queen of Scots – distant cousin, heir to the England throne in case Elisabeth has no children

Married to king of France – alliance – threat by the English

When French King died Mary returned, religious reformation (Scotland) -> John Knox – the Kirk:

-Presbyterianism – Elders (Presbyta)

Mary – accused of murdering her second husband

Elisabeth signed the death penalty – Mary in a red dress (Catholic Martyrs) executed

Westminster – buried opposite of each other

The execution worsened the relations with Spain (Catholic)

Sir Francis Drake – attacked, plundered Spanish ships, encouraged, tolerated by Elisabeth

Colony – Jamestown, Virginia

Elisabeth supported the rebellion against Spain on the continent – the Low Countries (Netherlands)


Philip II. of Spain – Crusade to England, support from the Pope

130 warships, 1588 sailed to England

England – won the battle; English ships were much smaller, could manoeuvre easier, Flag of St. George, fire power superior to the enemy, English send burning ships among the Spanish battleships, havoc

Routes of the Spanish Armada 1588- around Scotland

1588!

Britain as a major naval power in EU, World until WWII, England as a colonial power

1599 – East India Company – monopoly of trade with east India, trading posts on the Indian Subcontinent – important for later English Empire

Elisabeth became a legend, The Armada Portrait

Before 1588 – many wanted to marry her – contracts; remained unmarried, virgin queen, painted her face white – virginity, substitute for Virgin Mary

Became an icon of the nation – The Rainbow Portrait (attributed to Marcus Gheeraerts) symbolic meaning -> inscription non sine sole Iris – no rainbow without the sun, she brings peace after war

Left sleeve – snake wisdom, cunning, cleverness that guarantee peace, prosperity, heart shaped ruby in her mouth – wisdom over passion, she knows her duty, wisely govern the people

Dress – eyes and ears, hears and sees all, knows all

Glove – sign of devotion to the knight, they love to serve her

Elisabeth I – spoke French, Latin, love music, good rhetoric

Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester – myth that she had a sexual relationship


How the world looked to the Elisabethan:

Social – new appearance, no longer knights and bishops but nobleman at court – not only a fighter but arts, literature, music, sing, dance

Church had no power

English society more ‘medieval’ – later Renaissance

Majority of the people – hierarchy -> degrees = order

Ontological hierarchy – from god, archangels, angels, man, animals, plants, minerals => man ‘in the middle’ – which is man closer to, the angels or the beasts?


Cosmological; eternal fire, stars, sun, planets, sublunary world – under the moon

The pathology of humours (flouids?) (Hippokrates/ Galen):

Queen – the brain

Other people – other parts of the body

Great chain of being – scale of degree: king god’s representative on earth, brain – for the king

Medieval – god given, Boccaccio – About the Downfall of Famous Men , wheel of fortune – raise and bring down

During Elisabethan times – ‘yes, Macbeth is punished but he is interesting’, fall of a fascinating figure


The New Globe Theatre, London

Replica of a Elisabethan Era theatre, aerial view – round, it’s partly roofed, productions at daylight, afternoon, open air, distracted people from work, people sitting, standing, leaning on the stage to be closer, chairs on the stage for the VIP’s, participation of the audience, addressing the audience

1 penny – pit (roundlings in the pit)

2 pennies – sit in the gallery, extra penny for a cushion

Both for the ordinary and for the academic, rich

Something for all of them in the play

Public theatres (there were other ones)

Elisabeth had her own theatre at court

Theatre was not considered for intellectual, educated, low repute

Distraction from the Bible

Outside the city wall, right side of the river

Animals fighting – bulls vs dogs, bloody fucking shit

Theatre companies – Shakespeare was a share-holder, became rich

Trap door – ghosts

Balcony – balcony scene in Romeo and Julia; otherwise musicians, dancing

The stage was bare – no scenery

Henry V – Battle of Agincourt – how to put a battle on stage – fighting, horses, … -> appeal to the imagination, ‘this is the scene blabla, use your imagination’

Costumes – elaborate form, scandalised

Dress-code

Common people impersonating kings, queens, by dress – scandalous

Female roles played by men – probably because of puritanism

(on the continent already actresses)

Young women disguised as men

After the Restauration late 17th – female actresses

Civil war and Restoration

17th century – Stuarts

Elisabeth died in 1603, succeeded by James VI. Of Scotland -> James I. of England (son of Mary, king of Scots)

UK/SCOT – ‘united’ under the monarch but still separate

1707 – Union of parliaments

Stuart Kings

(11years military dictatorship)

James VI- against tobacco and witchcraft. Passions young men and theology

One of young men – George Villiers, first Duke of Buckingham (hated)

Elisabeth never claimed divine right of kings but James did

France – absolute monarchy

Relations between the king and parliament (now representative of ‘all’ people) – conflict – civil war

Money – who will pay for government

Taxation – during war the king could raise taxes, wanted power during the time of peace->

royal prerogative’

James concluded peace with Spain to calm down catholic unrest – it continued *Gun powder plot 1605, 5th November*

Guy Fawkes Day

James died 1625 – son even more convinced that the king is divine (Charles I)

Charles I. by Anthonis van Dyck (Dutch painter)

Liked portraits on horseback

Assembled the greatest art collection – Inigo Jones (also architect)– masks – Puritans saw them as ‘dirty?’ – Surveyor of the King’s Works

Banqueting House at Whitehall Palace by Inigo Jones (Palladian Style – Renaissance with a delay, imitation of Antiquity) – Peter Paul Rubens – apotheosis of James

The Wilton Diptych

James raised in Calvinist times

Charles – Catholic leaning (married to a Catholic, Antonieta)

William Laud (Archbishop of Canterbury)

Charles – conflict with parliament (radical Protestants)

Petition of Right (1628) (important for the later constitution) – Charles had to sing the document

-No to taxation without parliament consent (MOODLE)

NO – lack of enforcement of habeas corpus – ‘you shall/ have a body in court’ – a person that is arrested has to be brought to trial as soon as possible and not let him rot in prison

No forced billeting of troops – if the king raises an army – ‘you must feed them, host, accommodate’ –NO

1629 – Charles decided to rule without parliament for 11 years – Years of Personal Rule

1640 – had to call in parliament – rebellion in Scotland – Calvinists against king – money – taxation – parliament – dismissed parliament – eventually civil war 1642

England was not involved in the war that devastated the continent (13 years War 1635-1648)

Merchants richer

Landless poverty quarter of the population – settlement to America


The Tichborne Dole – festival


CIVIL WAR

Power / religious war

Puritans (parliament) – saw themselves as God’s accessory

Royalist Cavaliers vs. Parliamentarian Roundheads

Prince Rupert of the Rhine vs. Oliver Cromwell

Divided families

Battles:

Marston Moor (1643)

Naseby (1645)

New Model Army

King executed on 30 January 1649 - first English king to be publicly executed

England (Britain) now a Republic – Wales, Scotland, Ireland – part of the republic – Cromwell

Cromwell hated in Ireland – quenched the rebellion in Ireland

Commonwealth of England (all included)

Cromwell – declared himself Lord Protector – lacked civilian support

Quakers – the society of friends

Quakers – quake before the power of god

Denied civil authority

Persecuted after restauration after 1660

George Fox (created Quakers)

William Penn founded Pennsylvania

1658 – Cromwell died

Charles II of England (1660 – 1685) – Restauration

Reopening of theatres …

Charles II – related to his people, charming, easy-going, womanizer, … not the Puritan ideal

Charles lived before the throne in exile in France – Louis XIV if France – I am the state

Decenters –Non conformists

Parliament now dominated by Anglicanism

Clarian Code

Catholic, decenters could not hold public office, attend university – acts

Economy – Eland – largest merchant fleet in EU

Colonies – goods, raw materials – then processed in England (manufactured) re-exported to Europe and colonies

Consumer society

War against the Dutch

1665 – Great Plague of London 1/5 killed, (80.000 dead)

1666 – The Great Fire of London – wooden buildings ‘a candle had fallen’

Christopher Wren – famous architect, plans to rebuild London after fire, no money, but rebuild a building ; Monument to the Great Fire of London (shape of a candle)

-St. Paul’s Cathedral rebuilt in the classicist style by C. Wren

Royal Hospital for veterans of the navy at Greenwich, C. Wren

Samuel Pepys – Diary of Samuel Pepys – civil servant in navy, member of parliament, fashionable

Wrote in cipher

Charles II. –converted to Catholicism on dead bed

Conspiracy theories about Catholicism – Charles brother James II – was openly Catholic

James II – try to convert England back to Rome, daughters Mary (Protestant) married William III of Orange – 1688 no blood shed

Glorious revolution of 1688 – James fled, William III and Mary II claimed the throne (ruled from 1689), accepted The Bill of Rights (1689) ->

The Battle of the Boyne (1690) – Ireland vs England, Ireland lost, decisive event

Orange marching 12 July


Intellectual figures

Francis Bacon – Novem Organon Scientarum (1620), idea about knowledge – based on experience, observing (John Lock –Empiricism)

Thoams Hobbes – Leviathan (biblical monster)(1651) – authoritarian superstate – if there is no authority we would tear each other apart

John Locke – Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) – most important document of Empiricism – nothing is mind which hasn’t been experienced before, social thinker Two Treaties of Government (1689) state should not interfere

In contrast – everybody is morn with intellectual capacity – Rene Descartes Rationalism

John Milton – Paradise Lost (1667), biblical story in the form of the classical epic, ‘justify the ways of God to men’- Satan attractive

knew Latin, Greek, Italian, French – translator ‘minister of propaganda’

Theatres in London – West End – opened there after Restauration, indoor, space for fewer, entertainment for privileged, female roles by actresses

Nell Gwynne – mistress of Charles II, star actress

Isaac Newton – Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687) – one of foundation texts of mother physics, laws of gravity

Political parties – Party System

Royalist Cavaliers -> Tories (Irish Catholic Bandits – Conservative Party)

Parliamentarians/Roundheads – Whigs (Scottish Protestants ‘whiggamaire’ horse- driver, Liberal party)

British Culture, 09.05.2016

The 18th Century

Wars in Europe, Britain world power

Party system with the Prime Minister as the leading political figure

Industrial revolution / ‘agricultural revolution’ / revolution of transport

Secular society – worldly pleasure and arts

Mary’s sister => Queen Anne -1702-1714 alliance against France – expansion policy

Wars against France:

9 years war (1688-1697)

War of the Spanish succession (1701 – 1713)

War started because: Spain Charles II died, French wanted power

France vs English – in Canada – Queen Ann’s War – John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough – Blindheim (eng Blenheim) Southern Germany – Churchill’s profits – Blenheim Palace (Woodstock/Oxfordshire)

Prince Eugene of Savoy (Churchill’s commander) – built Belvedere

Peace – Treaty of Utrecht 1713 – Britain gained land in Canada (map on slides), gains in the Caribbean, also Gibraltar -> British empire rose, people aware – newspapers (important medium)


1765 – 7 years’ war against France – started with Fredrick II the Great of Prussia (map on slide) – not only on the continent but in North AM, Caribbean, important colonial markets, 1760’s 40% English products exported to colonies, vital for economy, imports: timber (North America) for ships, coffee, tobacco, sugar (Caribbean) – plantation worked by slaves from Africa – Britain got ALL the French land in Canada – Quebec, Maritines – ‘ethnic cleansing’ went to the South (French and Indian War – support of the natives)

Wolfe English general beat the French in Quebec, Wolfe like Christ sacrificed himself for the people

Natives as noble savages

War fought in India – Robert Clive – East India Company (founded 1599) – trading posts on the Indian subcontinent – today Mumbai (Bombay), Calcutta

Local princes ‘maharajas’ – cooperated with Britain

French were doing the same

1763 – Treaty of Paris

Sir William Pitt the Elder - political figure

George III – the loss of 13 American Colonies, 1760 – came to the throne, reigned until 1820, during later years he became the mad king (1810 – 1820 George Prince of Wales reigned as The Prince Regent, after 1820 dead of George he reigned as king) - Regency

American colonies – far more radically Protestant than Britain, 75% radical Protestant , 10% in Britain

Defending North colonies cost too much, Britain wanted to raise taxes, but no taxation without representation, colonies boycotted British goods

18 April 1775 first shots in the American War of Independence The Battle of Lexington and Concord

British response not organised

Declaration of Independence 4th July 1776 - Drafting Committee – John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman - presented the draft to congress


The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis in Yorktown 1781 – French supported the American militaries

Internal Politics

Glorious Revolution 1688 – no blood shared

Wigs – Protestant vs Tories – House of Stuart Catholic, De-centres

Press, political debate in coffee houses

Civil service, new department – customs, post office, naval office

Commercial dominance – merchant fleet

1692 – Bank of England founded

Gap between rich and poor widened

Society obsessed with property

Act of Union 1707 – between parliaments between England and Scotland – parliament of GB with Scottish representatives – Great Britain ‘emerged’

Scottish nationalism (Scottish parliament 2000)

House of Hanover – German – first was George I., Elector of Hanover, spoke no English, alliance with the Wigs (first to do so)

Robert Walpole – major political figure – first prime minister 1721 ‘the time of the Robinocracy’. Networking, management, ability to manipulate parliament through friends and family

The Jacobite Rebellions of 1715 & 1745 – supporters of the Stuarts (James ‘Jacob’) – Tories party of the Landowners, Wigs- business, trade

Several plots supported by France, James Francis Edward Stuart – The Old Pretender (claims the throne is his)

Charles Edward Stuart

Scots massacred by British The Battle of Culloden 1746

Three peaceful revolutions


The Agricultural Revolution

Jethro Tull –

Charles Viscount Townshend – Four year Crop Rotation

Rectangular fields (enclosed fields) – early machinery, did away with the commons (before one could raise one, two sheep cows on free land) – migration from rural areas to cities, de-population

Transformation to an urban nation

More food available, raise in the population (cheap food, absence of epidemics) – Low lands, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Midlands, London with half a million largest in Europe


The Industrial Revolution

Midlands took shape – Birmingham

Shift from individual products to mass products made in factories

Wool

Machines for processing of textiles

Spinning Jenny,

Sir James Watt 1769 – first efficient steam engine

Creation of new class – industrialists


Revolution of Transport

Better roads, royal mail express coach service, macadamised road, safer journey, supervised

The Bridgewater Canal


British Culture and Society, 23.05.2016


18th century

Social life

Pursuit of power, wealth, pleasure

St. James’ Park, Vauxhall Gardens, the Chinese House & the Company in Masquerade in Ranelagh Gardens – Chinoiserie

Natural beauty of England – countryhouses, fox hunting,

joys of family life – conversation pieces (painting) –George Romney

Leisure classes

Housing overcrowded, lack of sanitation, chucking garbage out of the windows on the street, stench, not washing daily, upper classes used perfume, noise, diseases, high infant mortality – ¼ children lived to become an adult, theft – severely punished – hanged for stealing a silver handkerchief, hangings as entertainment – Tyburn, fashionable people went to watch people in asylums

Purchase of land – houses with landscape parks; foxhunting

George Stubbs – painting rich people on horses, horseracing


Georgian Country Houses

Amphibian culture – aristocracy lived in town houses in winter and in the summer in the countryside

‘to go to London for the season’ – for winter

No nobility in courts, -> ministers

The Grand Tour – tour of continental Europe – Paris, via Alps, Italy – Rome, Florence, Venice, then Switzerland, southern Germany, Netherlands; educational trip; gentlemen returned with loose morals and ‘stds’, once in a lifetime, then they went to spas

Hot Springs – The Royal Crescent at Bath, Tunbridge Wells

Sea bathing – Brighton and Scarborough

Women taken into the water with ‘bathing machines’, bathed with almost full dresses

Aristocratic code of politeness


Middle Class

Bars, coffee houses, pubs – Kit Cat Club, Scriblerus Club – Tories; Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, John Gay

Weekly periodicals – The Tatler, The Spectator – topical issues – philosophical, political discussions

Looked upon with suspicion – especially if they were liberal

Religion

Rise of Evangelicalism – the cult of feeling, sentimental, no place for Church of England

Clerical tithes increased – 1/10 of harvest given to the parish priest – he lived on the tithes (dajatve)

Evangelicalism – preached to ordinary people, ‘the church of workers’

Church of England – the older child inherits the land, the younger – church or military, could hardly connect to the common, church of England lost its appeal

John Wesley – founder of Methodism – to live according to the method in the Bible, antiauthoritarian as Puritanism – continue their ideas,


Sunday schools

Schools were controlled by the church – not for de-centers – founded their own schools – taught natural sciences

Only for men – drinking, sodomy (at university), those who wanted to study seriously went to Scotland – more progressive – natural science

England – no medicine, English

Edinburgh – the Athens of the North – Old Town – Medieval part; New Town – in the 18th century


Shift in Sensibilities – from rational to sensitive – Neo-Classicism

Writers looked to classical antiquity it ended as the era of Romanticism – looked into their own national history – folk poetry, ballads

Emphasis on emotion, feeling


1700 1800

Wit – follow models imagination

Understanding sentiment feeling

Taste – poetry, literature, follows rules Intuition

Learning Originality, genius

Society – poets in intellectual circles individual – alone in nature

City – literature urban country – detested the crowd

Regular beauty the sublime

Classical antiquity the middle ages


The Age of Reason – The Age of Sentiment

Kant – use your understanding, in continental Europe – reformation, Protestants forced to leave (Germany)

Lawrence Stern – A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy – journey of a poor clergyman

Sentimental Comedy – tears are easily produced than laughter

Novels: Henry Mackenzie – The Man of Feeling

Samuel Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa -> middle class morals; middle class became more and more important – letters for sentiment, Pamela middle class – her morals should be followed


Poets rather out in nature than in the city

Shift in attitude towards nature

Before – biblical terms – man to rule, use it, structure it; wild nature – chaos, world after the fall, sin

Man had to toil, land had to be conquered

Paradise – harmony – 18th century symmetrical parks – in the beginning was order than came chaos

Versailles, Belvedere gardens


Now – wild nature became attractive, no longer seen as chaotic, but picturesque, sublime

The sublime – beauty that also inspired fear, ‘imagine yourself standing on a mountain, awe inspiring and beautiful (sublime – Das Erhabene), not symmetrical beauty

Picturesque – not so wild, landscape scene as if it came out of a painting

Claude Glass – changed the structure of the landscape if you looked to it

New design of gardens – Landscape parks – gardens that looked like natural landscapes

Also symmetrical parks – both existed at the time

Walls, fences were sunk – called ha-ha ; so as not to steal your view

Lancelot ,Capability’ Brown – Prior Park, Bath, Stourhead, Wiltshire


Architecture – imitation of pillars (neoclassical style)

Castle Howard, Yorkshire

Chiswick House, London


Painting

A person before a landscape, portraits of children – represented the unspoilt, the natural innocence

Sir Joshua Reynolds – The Age of Innocence


‘let’s go back to nature’ – breastfeeding among the higher class; before – a wet nurse


Thomas Gainsborough - Mr and Mrs Andrews, depicted in the land they own, they are showing off their wealth, expressions on their faces – yes we are fucking rich

Gainsborough – Mr and Mrs William Hallett – new style of painting upper class women


Sport scenes

George Stubbs –painting of winning race horses


William Hogarth – Self Portrait with Pug

Rake – man gambling, whoring, drinking

Bankrupt – you went to prison


Marriage for money


Design and HAndycraft

Thomas Chippendale – Joshiah Wedgwood – furniture


British Culture, 30.05.2016

19 century

Dynamic, laid foundations of the new world

From rural to urbanised society

Started with Napoleonic wars, ended with Britain as the leading power

Rise of the middle class, intellectual development – disorientation, lack of certainty


The French Revolution

Enthusiasm among intellectuals, also poets Wordsworth, Thomas Paine – The Rights of Man 1791

Edmund Burke – Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790); supported the American Revolution, saw French revolution as anarchy, disaster

Thomas Carlyle – The French Revolution (1837) – lively pictures of the rebellion

Ancien regime

Charles Dickens – Tale of Two Cities

Why no revolution in Britain? Constitutional monarchy, not such a despotic regime as in France, not so poor as in France, middle classes were not ‘discontented’ prone to revolution, carriers of the industrial revolution


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